Investigation of differential 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentration in inferior and superior spikelets of fragrant rice
Main Article Content
Keywords
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, aromatic rice, grain position, nitrogen
Abstract
Fragrant rice is popular globally due to its desirable grain quality and strong fragrance. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is believed to be one of the key aromatic compounds found in fragrant rice. The present study investigated the differential 2AP concentration in inferior and superior spikelets of fragrant rice. Results showed that inferior spikelets produced higher aroma than superior spikelets, but opposite trend was observed in grain yield. A significant positive correlation was observed between grain yield and contribution ratio to yield, number of grains/m2, filled number of grains/m2, percentage of filled grains, and total nitrogen content in grains. Besides, 2AP content at different panicle positions showed a significant negative relationship with contribution ratio to yield but a significant positive correlation with moisture content. The findings demonstrated that it was feasible to improve fragrance and maintain grain yield by reducing the difference between superior and inferior spikelets during grain filling period. The results of the study revealed fragrance in grains in relation to superior and inferior spikelets in fragrant rice panicles.
References
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Maraval I., Mestres C., Pernin K., Ribeyre F., Boulanger R., Guichard E., et al. 2008. Odor-active compounds in cooked rice cultivars from Camargue (France) analyzed by GC-O and GC-MS. J Agric Food Chem. 56: 5291–5298. 10.1021/jf7037373
Maraval I., Sen K., Agrebi A., Menut C., Morere A., Boulanger R., et al. 2010. Quantification of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in rice by stable isotope dilution assay through headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 675: 148–155. 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.024
Mo Z.W., Ashraf U., Tang Y.J., Li W., Pan S.G., Duan M.Y., et al. 2018. Nitrogen application at the booting stage affects 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, proline, and total nitrogen contents in aromatic rice. Chil J Agric Res. 78: 165–172. 10.4067/S0718-58392018000200165
Mo Z.W., Huang J.X., Xiao D., Ashraf U., Duan M.Y., Pan S.G., et al. 2016. Supplementation of 2AP, Zn and La improves 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentrations in detached aromatic rice panicles in vitro. Plos One. 11: e0149523. 10.1371/journal.pone.0149523
Mo Z.W., Lei S., Ashraf U., Khan I., Li Y., Pan S.G., et al. 2017. Silicon fertilization modulates 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content, yield formation and grain quality of aromatic rice. J Cereal Sci. 75: 17–24. 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.03.014
Mo Z.W., Li W., Pan S.G., Fitzgerald T.L., Xiao F., Tang Y.J. et al. 2015. Shading during the grain filling period increases 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content in fragrant rice. Rice. 8: 1–10. 10.1186/s12284-015-0040-y
Mohapatra P.K., Patel R. and Sahu S.K. 1993. Time of flowering affects grain quality and spikelet partitioning within the rice panicle. Aust J Plant Physiol. 20: 231–241. 10.1071/PP9930231
Nakamura Y., Takeichi T., Kawaguchi K. and Yamanouchi H. 1992a. Purification of two forms of starch branching enzyme (Q-enzyme) from developing rice endosperm. Physiol Plant. 84: 329–335. 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb04672.x
Nakamura Y., Umemoto T., Takahata Y. and Amano E. 1992b. Characteristics and roles of key enzymes associated with starch biosynthesis in rice [Oryza sativa] endosperm. Gamma Field Symposia. 31: 25–44.
Nakamura Y., Yuki K., Park S.Y. and Ohya T. 1989. Carbohydrate metabolism in the developing endosperm of rice grains. Plant Cell Physiol. 30: 833–839. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077813
Peng T., Lv Q., Zhang J., Li J.Z., Du Y.X. and Zhao Q.Z. 2011. Differential expression of the microRNAs in superior and inferior spikelets in rice (Oryza sativa). J Exp Bot. 62: 4943–4954. 10.1093/jxb/err205
Ren Y., Ashraf U., He L.X., Mo Z.W., Wang F., Wan X.C., et al. 2017. Irrigation and nitrogen management practices affect grain yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content in aromatic rice. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 15: 1447–1460. 10.15666/aeer/1504_14471460
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Sekhar S., Binay B., Panda T., Mohapatra K., Das B.P., Shaw E., et al. 2015. Spikelet-specific variation in ethylene production and constitutive expression of ethylene receptors and signal transducers during grain filling of compact and lax panicle rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. J Plant Physiol. 179: 21–34. 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.03.003
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Wang Z.Q., Zhang W.Y., Beebout S.S., Zhang H., Liu L.J., Yang J.C., et al. 2016. Grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice as influenced by irrigation regimes and their interaction with nitrogen rates. Field Crops Res. 193: 54–69. 10.1016/j.fcr.2016.03.006
Yang J.C., Peng S.B., Visperas R.M., Sanico A.L., Zhu Q.S. and Gu S.L. 2000. Grain filling pattern and cytokinin content in the grains and roots of rice plants. Plant Growth Regul. 30: 261–270. 10.1023/A:100635612541810.1023/A:1006329919243
Yang J.C., Zhang J.H., Wang Z.Q., Liu K. and Wang P. 2006. Post-anthesis development of inferior and superior spikelets in rice in relation to abscisic acid and ethylene. J Exp Bot. 57: 149–160. 10.1093/jxb/erj018
Yang S.Y., Zou Y.B., Liang Y.Z., Xia B., Liu S.K., Md I., et al. 2012. Role of soil total nitrogen in aroma synthesis of traditional regional aromatic rice in China. Field Crops Res. 125: 151–160. 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.002
Yoshihashi T. 2002. Quantitative analysis on 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline of an aromatic rice by stable isotope dilution method and model studies on its formation during cooking. J Food Sci. 67: 619–622. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10648.x
Yoshinaga S., Takai T., Arai-Sanoh Y., Ishimaru T. and Kondo M. 2013. Varietal differences in sink production and grain-filling ability in recently developed high-yielding rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in Japan. Field Crops Res. 150: 72–84. 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.004
Zhang S.G., Shen T.L., Yang Y.C., Li Y.C., Wan Y.S., Zhang M., et al. 2018. Controlled-release urea reduced nitrogen leaching and improved nitrogen use efficiency and yield of direct-seeded rice. J Environ Manag. 220: 191–197. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.010
Zhong Q. and Tang X.R. 2014. Effect of nitrogen application on aroma of aromatic rice and their mechanism. Guangdong Agric Sci. 41: 85–87. (In Chinese with English Abstract) Corpus ID: 100204693
Zhu G.H., Ye N.H., Yang J.C., Peng X.X. and Zhang J.H. 2011. Regulation of expression of starch synthesis genes by ethylene and ABA in relation to the development of rice inferior and superior spikelets. J Exp Bot. 62: 3907–3916. 10.1093/jxb/err088
Buttery R.G., Turnbaugh J.G. and Ling L.C. 1988. Contribution of volatiles to rice aroma. J Agric Food Chem. 36: 1006–1009. 10.1021/jf00083a025
Chen C. 2003. Evaluation of air oven moisture content determination methods for rough rice. Biosyst Eng. 86(4): 447–457. 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2003.08.010
Chen T.T., Xu G.W., Wang Z.Q., Zhang H., Yang J.C. and Zhang J.H. 2016a. Expression of proteins in superior and inferior spikelets of rice during grain filling under different irrigation regimes. Proteomics. 16: 102–121. 10.1002/pmic.201500070
Chen T.J., Zhao Y., Zhang W.X., Yang S.M., Ye Z.H. and Zhang G.Y. 2016b. Variation of the light stable isotopes in the superior and inferior grains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different geographical origins. Food Chem. 209: 95–98. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.029
Dong M.H., Hui F., Gu J.R., Chen P.F., Yang D.F. and Qia Z.Y. 2013. Effect of light intensity on grain quality of rice at different spike positions during grain-filling stage. Chin J Eco Agric. 21: 164–170. (In Chinese with English Abstract) 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00164
Dong M.H., Zhao B.H., Wu X.Z., Chen T. and Yang J.C. 2008. Difference in hormonal content and activities of key enzymes in the grains at different positions on a rice panicle during grain filling and their correlations with rice qualities. Sci Agric Sin. 75: 2668. (In Chinese with English Abstract)
Finkelstein R.R. 2010. The role of hormones during seed development and germination. In: Davies P.J. (ed.) Plant hormones. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 549–573. 10.1007/978-1-4020-2686-7_24
Fitzgerald T.L., Waters D.L.E., Brooks L.O. and Henry R.J. 2010. Fragrance in rice (Oryza sativa) is associated with reduced yield under salt treatment. Environ Exp Bot. 68: 292–300. 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.01.001
Fu G.F., Feng B.H., Zhang C.X., Yang X.Q., Chen T.T., Zhao X., et al. 2016. Heat stress is more damaging to superior spikelets than inferiors of rice (Oryza sativa L.) due to their different organ temperatures. Front Plant Sci. 7: 1637. 10.3389/fpls.2016.01637
Fu J., Huang Z.H., Wang Z.Q., Yang J.C. and Zhang J.H. 2011. Pre-anthesis non-structural carbohydrate reserve in the stem enhances the sink strength of inferior spikelets during grain filling of rice. Field Crops Res. 123: 170–182. 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.05.015
Gay F., Maraval I., Roques S., Gunata Z., Boulanger R., Audebert A., et al. 2010. Effect of salinity on yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content in the grains of three fragrant rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) in Camargue (France). Field Crops Res. 117: 154–160. 10.1016/j.fcr.2010.02.008
Hou W.F., Yan J.Y., Jákli B., Lu J.W., Ren T., Cong R.H., et al. 2018. Synergistic effects of nitrogen and potassium on quantitative limitations to photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Agric Food Chem. 66: 5125–5132. 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01135
Hussain S., Zhong C., Bai Z.G., Cao X.C., Zhu L.F., Hussain A., et al. 2018. Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene on rice growth characteristics and superior and inferior spikelet development under salt stress. J Plant Growth Regul. 37: 1368–1384. 10.1007/s00344-018-9800-4
Itani T., Tamaki M., Hayata Y., Fushimi T. and Hashizume K. 2004. Variation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentration in aromatic rice grains collected in the same region in Japan and factors affecting its concentration. Plant Prod Sci. 7: 178–183. 10.1626/pps.7.178
Iwasaki Y., Mae T., Makino A., Ohira K. and Ojima K. 1992. Nitrogen accumulation in the inferior spikelet of rice ear during ripening. Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 38: 517–525. 10.1080/00380768.1992.10415083
Kato T., Sakurai N. and Kuraishi S. 1993. The changes of endogenous abscisic acid in developing grain of two rice cultivars with different grain size. Jap J Crop Sci. 62: 456–461. 10.1626/jcs.62.456
Krishnan P., Swain D.K., Bhaskar B.C., Nayak S.K. and Dash R.N. 2007. Impact of elevated CO2 and temperature on rice yield and methods of adaptation as evaluated by crop simulation studies. Agri Ecosyst Environ. 122: 233–242. 10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.019
Kropff M.J., Cassman K.G., Laar H.H.V. and Peng S. 1993. Nitrogen and yield potential of irrigated rice. Plant Soil. 155: 391–394. 10.1007/BF00025065
Li M.J., Ashraf U., Tian H., Mo Z.W., Pan S.G., Anjum S.A., et al. 2016. Manganese-induced regulations in growth, yield formation, quality characters, rice aroma and enzyme involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in fragrant rice. Plant Physiol Biochem. 103: 167–175. 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.009
Li Y.H., Tang X.R., Pan S.G., Yang X.J., Chen S.T., Chen C.H., et al. 2014. Effect of water-nitrogen interaction at tillering stage on aroma, grain yield and quality of aromatic rice. Acta Agric Boreali Sin. 29: 159–164. (In Chinese with English Abstract)
Maraval I., Mestres C., Pernin K., Ribeyre F., Boulanger R., Guichard E., et al. 2008. Odor-active compounds in cooked rice cultivars from Camargue (France) analyzed by GC-O and GC-MS. J Agric Food Chem. 56: 5291–5298. 10.1021/jf7037373
Maraval I., Sen K., Agrebi A., Menut C., Morere A., Boulanger R., et al. 2010. Quantification of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in rice by stable isotope dilution assay through headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 675: 148–155. 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.024
Mo Z.W., Ashraf U., Tang Y.J., Li W., Pan S.G., Duan M.Y., et al. 2018. Nitrogen application at the booting stage affects 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, proline, and total nitrogen contents in aromatic rice. Chil J Agric Res. 78: 165–172. 10.4067/S0718-58392018000200165
Mo Z.W., Huang J.X., Xiao D., Ashraf U., Duan M.Y., Pan S.G., et al. 2016. Supplementation of 2AP, Zn and La improves 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentrations in detached aromatic rice panicles in vitro. Plos One. 11: e0149523. 10.1371/journal.pone.0149523
Mo Z.W., Lei S., Ashraf U., Khan I., Li Y., Pan S.G., et al. 2017. Silicon fertilization modulates 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content, yield formation and grain quality of aromatic rice. J Cereal Sci. 75: 17–24. 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.03.014
Mo Z.W., Li W., Pan S.G., Fitzgerald T.L., Xiao F., Tang Y.J. et al. 2015. Shading during the grain filling period increases 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content in fragrant rice. Rice. 8: 1–10. 10.1186/s12284-015-0040-y
Mohapatra P.K., Patel R. and Sahu S.K. 1993. Time of flowering affects grain quality and spikelet partitioning within the rice panicle. Aust J Plant Physiol. 20: 231–241. 10.1071/PP9930231
Nakamura Y., Takeichi T., Kawaguchi K. and Yamanouchi H. 1992a. Purification of two forms of starch branching enzyme (Q-enzyme) from developing rice endosperm. Physiol Plant. 84: 329–335. 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb04672.x
Nakamura Y., Umemoto T., Takahata Y. and Amano E. 1992b. Characteristics and roles of key enzymes associated with starch biosynthesis in rice [Oryza sativa] endosperm. Gamma Field Symposia. 31: 25–44.
Nakamura Y., Yuki K., Park S.Y. and Ohya T. 1989. Carbohydrate metabolism in the developing endosperm of rice grains. Plant Cell Physiol. 30: 833–839. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077813
Peng T., Lv Q., Zhang J., Li J.Z., Du Y.X. and Zhao Q.Z. 2011. Differential expression of the microRNAs in superior and inferior spikelets in rice (Oryza sativa). J Exp Bot. 62: 4943–4954. 10.1093/jxb/err205
Ren Y., Ashraf U., He L.X., Mo Z.W., Wang F., Wan X.C., et al. 2017. Irrigation and nitrogen management practices affect grain yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content in aromatic rice. Appl Ecol Environ Res. 15: 1447–1460. 10.15666/aeer/1504_14471460
Sakthivel K., Sundaram R.M., Rani N.S., Balachandran S.M. and Neeraja C.N. 2009. Genetic and molecular basis of fragrance in rice. Biotechnol Adv. 27: 468–473. 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.001
Sekhar S., Binay B., Panda T., Mohapatra K., Das B.P., Shaw E., et al. 2015. Spikelet-specific variation in ethylene production and constitutive expression of ethylene receptors and signal transducers during grain filling of compact and lax panicle rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars. J Plant Physiol. 179: 21–34. 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.03.003
Sun Y.Y., Zhu S.C., Yang X., Weston M.V., Wang K., Shen Z.Q., et al. 2018. Nitrogen diagnosis based on dynamic characteristics of rice leaf image. Plos One. 13: e196298. 10.1371/journal.pone.0196298
Wang Z.Q., Zhang W.Y., Beebout S.S., Zhang H., Liu L.J., Yang J.C., et al. 2016. Grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of rice as influenced by irrigation regimes and their interaction with nitrogen rates. Field Crops Res. 193: 54–69. 10.1016/j.fcr.2016.03.006
Yang J.C., Peng S.B., Visperas R.M., Sanico A.L., Zhu Q.S. and Gu S.L. 2000. Grain filling pattern and cytokinin content in the grains and roots of rice plants. Plant Growth Regul. 30: 261–270. 10.1023/A:100635612541810.1023/A:1006329919243
Yang J.C., Zhang J.H., Wang Z.Q., Liu K. and Wang P. 2006. Post-anthesis development of inferior and superior spikelets in rice in relation to abscisic acid and ethylene. J Exp Bot. 57: 149–160. 10.1093/jxb/erj018
Yang S.Y., Zou Y.B., Liang Y.Z., Xia B., Liu S.K., Md I., et al. 2012. Role of soil total nitrogen in aroma synthesis of traditional regional aromatic rice in China. Field Crops Res. 125: 151–160. 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.002
Yoshihashi T. 2002. Quantitative analysis on 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline of an aromatic rice by stable isotope dilution method and model studies on its formation during cooking. J Food Sci. 67: 619–622. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10648.x
Yoshinaga S., Takai T., Arai-Sanoh Y., Ishimaru T. and Kondo M. 2013. Varietal differences in sink production and grain-filling ability in recently developed high-yielding rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in Japan. Field Crops Res. 150: 72–84. 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.06.004
Zhang S.G., Shen T.L., Yang Y.C., Li Y.C., Wan Y.S., Zhang M., et al. 2018. Controlled-release urea reduced nitrogen leaching and improved nitrogen use efficiency and yield of direct-seeded rice. J Environ Manag. 220: 191–197. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.010
Zhong Q. and Tang X.R. 2014. Effect of nitrogen application on aroma of aromatic rice and their mechanism. Guangdong Agric Sci. 41: 85–87. (In Chinese with English Abstract) Corpus ID: 100204693
Zhu G.H., Ye N.H., Yang J.C., Peng X.X. and Zhang J.H. 2011. Regulation of expression of starch synthesis genes by ethylene and ABA in relation to the development of rice inferior and superior spikelets. J Exp Bot. 62: 3907–3916. 10.1093/jxb/err088
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Dec 1, 2023
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Mo, Z., Luo, H., Li, W., Li, Y., Tian, H., Pan, S., Liu, H., Duan, M., & Tang, X. (2023). Investigation of differential 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentration in inferior and superior spikelets of fragrant rice. Italian Journal of Food Science, 35(4), 111-118. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v35i4.2427
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Mo, Z., Luo, H., Li, W., Li, Y., Tian, H., Pan, S., Liu, H., Duan, M., & Tang, X. (2023). Investigation of differential 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentration in inferior and superior spikelets of fragrant rice. Italian Journal of Food Science, 35(4), 111-118. https://doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v35i4.2427